Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma may remain asymptomatic in its early stages, but as it progresses, symptoms may include:

• Unexplained weight loss
• Persistent fatigue
• Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
• Abdominal pain or swelling
• Loss of appetite
• Nausea and vomiting
• Dark urine and pale stools.

Early diagnosis is crucial for effective treatment. Diagnostic methods include:

• Blood tests. Detection of tumor markers such as alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and liver function tests.
• Imaging studies – ultrasound, CT scan, and MRI help identify tumors in the liver.
• Liver biopsy. In some cases, a biopsy is required to confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment options for hepatocellular carcinoma depend on the size, number, and location of tumors, as well as overall liver function. Available treatment options include:

• Surgical resection – removal of the tumor in patients with good liver function and localized cancer.
• Liver transplantation – an option for eligible patients with cirrhosis and localized tumors.
• Ablative therapies – techniques such as radiofrequency ablation (RFA) or microwave ablation (MWA) to destroy cancer cells.
• Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) – a procedure to cut off the tumor’s blood supply and deliver chemotherapy directly to the cancer cells.
• Systemic therapies – targeted therapy and immunotherapy for advanced cases to slow tumor progression.

Prevention of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

While some risk factors cannot be controlled, preventive measures can help reduce the likelihood of developing hepatocellular carcinoma: Vaccination against hepatitis B, early treatment of hepatitis C, limiting alcohol intake, healthy diet and exercise, and regular liver screenings. Individuals with chronic liver disease should undergo routine imaging and blood tests to detect early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma.

At Karolinska University Hospital, our experienced team can provide comprehensive diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation.