Lung Metastases

Lung metastases may not cause noticeable symptoms. Lung metastases are often found during routine follow up for the primary tumour.

To identify lung metastases, Karolinska use a variety of imaging and tissue sampling techniques

• Imaging:
  - CT scan: The preferred method for detecting lung metastases, identifying nodules as small as 3–5 mm.
  - PET or PET-CT scan: Helps detect tumors with high metabolic activity and determine the extent of spread.
  - MRI: Useful in assessing tumor invasion into nearby structures.
• Biopsy procedures:
  - CT-guided needle biopsy: Used for lung lesions closer to the outer edges.
  - Bronchoscopy with EBUS: For centrally located tumors and assessing lymph nodes in the chest.
  - Surgery

Treatment is generally aimed at controlling the spread and managing symptoms. The best approach depends on factors such as the primary cancer type, the extent of metastasis, and the patient’s overall health. Common options include:

• Systemic therapy:
  - Chemotherapy: Often used for widespread metastases.
  - Targeted Therapy and Immunotherapy: Based on specific genetic traits of the tumor cells.
• Local treatments:
  - Surgery: Metastasectomy may be an option for limited, resectable tumors.
  - Radiation Therapy: Includes techniques like stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for focused tumor treatment.
  - Ablative Techniques: Radiofrequency ablation or cryotherapy may be used in selected cases.
• Combined approaches:
  - Multimodal therapy may combine systemic and local treatments for comprehensive management.
• Palliative care: Focused on alleviating symptoms and enhancing quality of life.

Prognosis varies widely and depends on factors like the type and location of the primary cancer, extent of metastasis, and response to treatment.